1、清洗机理

　　1. Cleaning mechanism

　　非水系清洗剂的清洗原理简单地说是依据溶剂的溶解力进行清洗。基于对油脂或油性污染的溶解性的脱脂机理是：相似相溶原则。汽油、灯油等碳氢化合物容易溶解重油，其它烃类，易与相近的卤代烃（四氯化碳、三氯乙烷等）互溶。水能与具有与水结构相似OH的化合物如R-COOH（低级脂肪酸）、R-OH（低级醇）等互溶也是基于此。异种液体间的溶解性与表面张力、界面张力有密切关系。例如，苯、环烷烃等溶剂的表面张力与焦油、润滑油的表面张力差别不大，两者间的界面张力值近似容易互溶。对于溶剂对油脂或油性污物的溶解性，不同溶剂一定温度下的溶液在冷却过程中，溶质分离的温度越低其对溶质的溶解度就越大。

　　The cleaning principle of non-aqueous cleaning agents is simply based on the solubility of solvents for cleaning. The degreasing mechanism based on the solubility of oil or oily pollution is the principle of similar solubility. Gasoline, lamp oil and other hydrocarbons are prone to dissolve heavy oil, while other hydrocarbons are easily miscible with similar halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The mutual solubility between water and compounds with OH structures similar to water, such as R-COOH (lower fatty acids) and R-OH (lower alcohols), is also based on this. The solubility between heterogeneous liquids is closely related to surface tension and interfacial tension. For example, the surface tension of solvents such as benzene and cycloalkanes is not significantly different from that of tar and lubricating oil, and the interfacial tension between the two is similar and easily miscible. For the solubility of solvents in oils or oily pollutants, the lower the temperature of solute separation during the cooling process, the greater the solubility of solutes in solutions with different solvents at a certain temperature.

　　2、KB值

　　2. KB value

　　KB值是喷漆、涂料工业如表示天那水的溶解力而使用的值，指25℃下从120g标准kaurigum-丁醇溶液中析出kaurigum所需要稀释剂的ml数，KB值越高溶解性越好。作为清洗用溶剂溶解力的判别曾以KB值作为指标，但KB值是指对树脂的溶解性，与清洗力无直接关系因而难于作为基准。

　　The KB value is a value used in the paint and coating industry to represent the solubility of Tianna water. It refers to the number of milliliters of diluent required to precipitate Kaurigum from a 120g standard Kaurigum butanol solution at 25 ℃. The higher the KB value, the better the solubility. As a criterion for determining the solubility of cleaning solvents, KB value was once used as an indicator, but KB value refers to the solubility of resin and is not directly related to cleaning power, making it difficult to use as a benchmark.

　　3、SP值

　　3. SP value

　　清洗用溶剂的溶解性能指标有溶解度参数SP值。SP值用下式表示：

　　The solubility index of cleaning solvents includes the solubility parameter SP value. The SP value is represented by the following equation:

　　SP值：δ=(△E/V)△E：蒸发能V：摩尔体积

　　SP value: δ=(△ E/V) △ E: evaporation energy V: molar volume

　　SP值相近的物质具有相近的凝集能，因而易于互相溶解。此现象即相似相溶的经验规则。各物质的SP值如另页所示。一般碳氢系清洗剂的SP值为7～8，此值因与加工油的SP值（7～8）一致，因此易于溶解，且有高的清洗力。但与树脂的SP值相距甚远，因而不易侵蚀这些材料。同时对于含树脂的污物，醇类的溶解性较差清洗效果不好。选择清洗剂时SP值可以作为一个指标，但仅以数值作为判断比较危险，必须用实际污染油等作清洗性能实验进行评价。

　　Substances with similar SP values have similar aggregation energies and are therefore prone to mutual dissolution. This phenomenon is the empirical rule of similarity and compatibility. The SP values of each substance are shown on another page. The SP value of general hydrocarbon cleaning agents is 7-8, which is consistent with the SP value of processing oil (7-8), making them easy to dissolve and have high cleaning power. But it is far from the SP value of the resin, so it is not easy to corrode these materials. At the same time, for pollutants containing resin, the solubility of alcohols is poor and the cleaning effect is not good. When choosing a cleaning agent, the SP value can be used as an indicator, but it is more dangerous to judge based solely on numerical values. It is necessary to evaluate the cleaning performance using actual contaminated oil and other experiments.

　　4、物理性

　　4. Physical properties

　　影响清洗力的因素除溶剂的溶解力外，还有热、搅拌、摩擦力、加压、减压、研磨、超声波等物理作用力的影响。不是只考虑其中的一种因素，而是将所有因素通盘考虑才能提高清洗效果。表2是影响清洗力的因素总结。

　　The factors that affect cleaning power include not only the solubility of solvents, but also physical forces such as heat, stirring, friction, pressure, pressure reduction, grinding, and ultrasonic waves. Not only considering one factor, but taking into account all factors comprehensively can improve the cleaning effect. Table 2 summarizes the factors that affect cleaning power.

　　影响碳氢清洗剂清洗力的因素

　　Factors affecting the cleaning power of hydrocarbon cleaning agents

　　化学力：溶解力…界面张力…表面活性剂（助剂）化学反应力…

　　Chemical force: solubility... interfacial tension... surfactant (additive) chemical reaction force

　　物理力：加热…促进其它清洗因素的反应、污物的物理变化，被清洗物的物性变化。超声波…由超声所引起的空化作用、加速度、直进流引起的强力剥离、分散。搅拌…为促进被清洗表面与新鲜清洗液的接触的搅拌，由于均一化作（摇动、用提高清洗效果、机械促进被清洗表面污物的剥离，分散剥离回转）后的污物于清洗液中，防止清洗面的再附着。减压…使减压液向细微处浸透，使污物膨胀除去。根据以上影响清洗力的几点因素，碳氢清洗设备在设计和配置上要有所针对性，例如清洗的主功能槽的配置通常如下：工作原理：阶段：由操作者将欲清洗的产品放入洗篮，然后将洗篮放进设备上料区，通过操作员控制机械臂将洗篮提到清洗主槽。这时气缸驱动槽盖自动关闭清洗槽，真空脱气系统启动，将槽内空气抽尽.在真空状态下可以将需要清洗的产品的狭小缝隙内气体及含在清洗剂中的气体抽出，超声波启动，摇摆装置启动，带动洗篮转动，使清洗剂可以充分进行清洗；到设定的时间后，真空释放,气缸驱动将盖子打开,机械臂将洗篮提出,进入第二槽清洗.于需要几个槽进行真空清洗,则需要根据产品表面的油污,杂质等物质及产品的产量来决定.

　　Physical force: Heating... promotes reactions of other cleaning factors, physical changes of pollutants, and changes in the physical properties of the cleaned object. Ultrasonic waves... caused by cavitation, acceleration, and strong peeling and dispersion due to direct flow. Stirring... To promote the contact between the cleaned surface and fresh cleaning solution, the homogenized dirt (shaken, used to improve cleaning effect, mechanically promoted to peel off dirt from the cleaned surface, dispersed and peeled back) is stirred in the cleaning solution to prevent reattachment of the cleaning surface. Decompression... allows the decompression liquid to penetrate into fine areas, causing the dirt to expand and be removed. Based on the factors that affect cleaning power mentioned above, the design and configuration of hydrocarbon cleaning equipment should be targeted. For example, the configuration of the main cleaning function tank is usually as follows: Working principle: In the first stage, the operator first places the product to be cleaned into the washing basket, and then places the washing basket into the equipment loading area. The operator controls the robotic arm to lift the washing basket up to the main cleaning tank. At this point, the cylinder drives the slot cover to automatically close the cleaning slot, and the vacuum degassing system is activated to exhaust the air inside the slot. Under vacuum, the gas in the narrow gap of the product that needs to be cleaned and the gas contained in the cleaning agent can be extracted. The ultrasonic wave is activated, the swinging device is activated, and the washing basket is driven to rotate, so that the cleaning agent can be thoroughly cleaned; After the set time, the vacuum is released, the cylinder drives the lid to open, and the robotic arm lifts the washing basket out and enters the second tank for cleaning. As for how many tanks are needed for vacuum cleaning, it depends on the amount of oil, impurities, and other substances on the product surface and the production volume of the product

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